نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار حقوق بین الملل، گروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین‌الملل، گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، واحد پردیس بین‌الملل، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

چکیده

برخی دولتها به منظور حفظ سلامتی شهروندانشان در همه‌گیری کرونا، اجرای حق‌های آزادی رفت و آمد و دسترسی به اطلاعات را تعلیق کردند. مقاله‌ی پیش‌رو با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی به این سؤال پاسخ می‌دهد که به لحاظ مقررات بین‌المللی حقوق بشر، تعلیق حق‌های بشری مزبور در همه‌گیری کرونا به چه نحو امکان‌پذیر است؟ مقیاس و شدت همه‌گیری کرونا، آشکارا آن را به سطح یک وضعیت اضطراری عمومیِ تهدید کننده‌ی موجودیت ملت از جمله مطابق با ماده‌ی 4 میثاق بین‌المللی حقوق مدنی و سیاسی رسانده است و از این رو به طور بالقوه، امکان تعلیق حق‌های مزبور در مقام صیانت از سلامت عمومی مشروط به اعلام وضعیت به سایر دولتها، رعایت اصول ضرورت، تناسب و عدم تبعیض و نیز عدم مغایرت اقدامات تعلیقی با دیگر تعهدات بین‌المللی دولت وجود دارد. البته در عمل، دشوار می‌توان از رعایت تمامی این عناصر توسط دولتها در همه‌گیری کرونا سخن گفت و وضعیت هر دولت باید به طور جداگانه بررسی شود. در مجموع دولتهایی که مشخصاً بدون رعایت مفاد ماده‌ی 4 میثاق، حق‌های مذکور را تعلیق کرده‌اند، مرتکب تخلف بین‌المللی شده‌اند.. بویژه در مورد دولتهایی که با توجه به شیوع پایین بیماری در آنها، صرفاً محدود کردن این حق‌های بشری به جای تعلیق کفایت می‌کرد، می‌توان به نقض اصول ضرورت و تناسب اشاره کرد. از منظر بعد زمان بکارگیری اقدامات تعلیقی هم به نظر می‌رسد تعلیق حق آزادی رفت و آمد به عنوان یکی از راه‌های ممکن و معقول در ماه‌های ابتدایی شیوع کرونا بواسطه‌‌ی ناشناخته‌ بودن خطرات آن، تا حدود زیادی قابل توجیه باشد.

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