Jornal of Eslamic Human Rights2322-563714420260320Guaranteeing the rights of the nation and legitimate freedoms in Iran, mechanisms and requirementsGuaranteeing the rights of the nation and legitimate freedoms in Iran, mechanisms and requirements7587241590FAAli AkbarTaremiDepartment of Political Science, Faculty of Culture and Civilization, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, IranJournal Article20250428Legitimate rights and freedoms are considered important pillars of legal systems for the people. With the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the establishment of the Islamic Republic, and with the emphasis of the late founder of the revolution, Imam Khomeini (RA), as well as the intellectual leaders of the revolution, these legitimate rights and freedoms have been recognized in the constitution and ordinary laws. In this article, we will examine the legal, political, and institutional mechanisms for securing and guaranteeing these rights and analyze the requirements for their realization. In the meantime, we will try to evaluate and diagnose the path taken and the path ahead using a descriptive-analytical method and using solid library resources. This research shows that despite the existence of strong legal frameworks and reliable theoretical and thought-provoking foundations, there are challenges in the full implementation of these rights that require structural reforms and strengthening of supervisory institutions.Legitimate rights and freedoms are considered important pillars of legal systems for the people. With the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the establishment of the Islamic Republic, and with the emphasis of the late founder of the revolution, Imam Khomeini (RA), as well as the intellectual leaders of the revolution, these legitimate rights and freedoms have been recognized in the constitution and ordinary laws. In this article, we will examine the legal, political, and institutional mechanisms for securing and guaranteeing these rights and analyze the requirements for their realization. In the meantime, we will try to evaluate and diagnose the path taken and the path ahead using a descriptive-analytical method and using solid library resources. This research shows that despite the existence of strong legal frameworks and reliable theoretical and thought-provoking foundations, there are challenges in the full implementation of these rights that require structural reforms and strengthening of supervisory institutions.https://www.pfbaj.ir/article_241590_efc6efe023d7eac81b9067797218b89d.pdfJornal of Eslamic Human Rights2322-563714420260320The jurisprudential feasibility of ruling Laharj on the evidence of the sanctity of killing a fetus in the light of the fundamental principles of human rightsThe jurisprudential feasibility of ruling Laharj on the evidence of the sanctity of killing a fetus in the light of the fundamental principles of human rights1736243573FAKobraAarabiDepartment of Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Law, Se.C ,Islamic Azad University , Semnan ,IranMaryamAghaie BajestaniDepartment of Jurisprudence and Principles of Islamic Law, Se.C ,Islamic Azad University , Semnan ,Iran.MohammadRohanimoghaddamAssociate Professor, Department of Fiqh and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran0000-0001-8619-507XJournal Article20250901From the point of view of jurisprudence, the initial verdict of abortion is considered as a criminal act, this view is rooted in the principles of preserving life and prohibiting suicide. However, permitted exceptions apply based on secondary jurisprudential rules, such as the "laharij" rule, which allows abortion to be justified in situations where the continuation of the pregnancy would cause unbearable hardship to the mother.<br>Laharij rule is one of the principles of jurisprudence that is used in different chapters of jurisprudence. In Iran's Islamic Penal Code, abortion is allowed only in cases where the continuation of pregnancy poses a risk to the mother's life, which indicates the conflict between preserving the life of the mother and the fetus. However, with the approval of the Family Protection Law, the concept of emergency abortion expanded and went beyond the limitation to disease.<br>In the new law, "unbearable hardship for the mother" was replaced as the general criterion, which can be evaluated as a significant improvement in Iran's legislation, as it widens the scope of protection for the mental and physical health of the mother.<br>This development requires in-depth analysis, especially from the perspective of human rights, which emphasizes international principles such as the right to health. which the World Health Organization has defined as "a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being".From the point of view of jurisprudence, the initial verdict of abortion is considered as a criminal act, this view is rooted in the principles of preserving life and prohibiting suicide. However, permitted exceptions apply based on secondary jurisprudential rules, such as the "laharij" rule, which allows abortion to be justified in situations where the continuation of the pregnancy would cause unbearable hardship to the mother.<br>Laharij rule is one of the principles of jurisprudence that is used in different chapters of jurisprudence. In Iran's Islamic Penal Code, abortion is allowed only in cases where the continuation of pregnancy poses a risk to the mother's life, which indicates the conflict between preserving the life of the mother and the fetus. However, with the approval of the Family Protection Law, the concept of emergency abortion expanded and went beyond the limitation to disease.<br>In the new law, "unbearable hardship for the mother" was replaced as the general criterion, which can be evaluated as a significant improvement in Iran's legislation, as it widens the scope of protection for the mental and physical health of the mother.<br>This development requires in-depth analysis, especially from the perspective of human rights, which emphasizes international principles such as the right to health. which the World Health Organization has defined as "a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being".https://www.pfbaj.ir/article_243573_e6c22db8fe3e82b9c40c4bda59aafae2.pdfJornal of Eslamic Human Rights2322-563714420260320The Environment and Local Decentralization within the Normative Dimension of International InstrumentsThe Environment and Local Decentralization within the Normative Dimension of International Instruments5974243574FAAtieyehKhakshoorniyaPhD student in Public Law, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Science, Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranMohammadJalaliAssistant Professor, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20250423As the essential substrate for social, economic, and political life, the environment is indispensable for human survival. To combat these crises, various approaches have been proposed, most notably the concept of decentralization through a participatory approach. This model encourages governments to empower local organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) rather than relying solely on traditional service delivery. This empowerment enables local communities to organize their own affairs and participate freely in decision-making processes regarding the management of their territorial resources, in accordance with the principles of participatory justice. In the Iranian legal system, the role of these organizations as local entities is undeniable, necessitating the creation of appropriate conditions for their active participation in environmental affairs. This descriptive-analytical research seeks to address the following question: How is environmental protection through local and territorial decentralization evaluated from the perspective of international law? To answer this, the study examines the principles of decentralization and the right to a healthy environment, followed by an analysis of the concepts within selected international environmental instruments. By analyzing these documents within their normative and structural dimensions, the study concludes that the drafters of international environmental instruments have not disregarded local communities; although the level of attention in some instruments may not be optimal, they have, at the very least, not been overlooked.As the essential substrate for social, economic, and political life, the environment is indispensable for human survival. To combat these crises, various approaches have been proposed, most notably the concept of decentralization through a participatory approach. This model encourages governments to empower local organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) rather than relying solely on traditional service delivery. This empowerment enables local communities to organize their own affairs and participate freely in decision-making processes regarding the management of their territorial resources, in accordance with the principles of participatory justice. In the Iranian legal system, the role of these organizations as local entities is undeniable, necessitating the creation of appropriate conditions for their active participation in environmental affairs. This descriptive-analytical research seeks to address the following question: How is environmental protection through local and territorial decentralization evaluated from the perspective of international law? To answer this, the study examines the principles of decentralization and the right to a healthy environment, followed by an analysis of the concepts within selected international environmental instruments. By analyzing these documents within their normative and structural dimensions, the study concludes that the drafters of international environmental instruments have not disregarded local communities; although the level of attention in some instruments may not be optimal, they have, at the very least, not been overlooked.https://www.pfbaj.ir/article_243574_b5a88490f6004c1bbe425f5e672c18ca.pdfJornal of Eslamic Human Rights2322-563714420260220Human Rights and Its Impact on the Sovereignty of States with Emphasis on Post-WestphaliaHuman Rights and Its Impact on the Sovereignty of States with Emphasis on Post-Westphalia3757243501FASeyed MohammadrezaMousaviAssistant Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran0000-0002-5856-2765AbbasaliTalebiAssistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Savadkouh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Savadkouh, Iran.0000-0002-3163-1812Journal Article20250425The following article, using a descriptive-analytical research method and a theoretical framework, considers the interdependence of human rights with the sovereignty of states and raises the question of what impact the process of universalization of human rights has had on the sovereignty of states in the post-Westphalian era. In response to this hypothesis, it is proposed that the sovereignty of states in the post-Westphalian era, under the influence of the process of universalization of human rights and executive and supervisory mechanisms, while maintaining their identity, has reduced the scope of their independence and authority in favor of this emerging phenomenon and has been forced to accept its judgments and then cooperate with a diverse range of international actors. The results show that, first, states have lost part of their power due to the process of mutual solidarity by joining international treaties. Second, the obligation of states to approve and adapt domestic laws to international laws, the abolition of judicial immunity, international criminal responsibility, and the formation of human rights regimes have reduced the scope of legal and political authority of states in Third, in the post-Westphalian period, the era of independent states with independent sovereignty by themselves is coming to an end.The following article, using a descriptive-analytical research method and a theoretical framework, considers the interdependence of human rights with the sovereignty of states and raises the question of what impact the process of universalization of human rights has had on the sovereignty of states in the post-Westphalian era. In response to this hypothesis, it is proposed that the sovereignty of states in the post-Westphalian era, under the influence of the process of universalization of human rights and executive and supervisory mechanisms, while maintaining their identity, has reduced the scope of their independence and authority in favor of this emerging phenomenon and has been forced to accept its judgments and then cooperate with a diverse range of international actors. The results show that, first, states have lost part of their power due to the process of mutual solidarity by joining international treaties. Second, the obligation of states to approve and adapt domestic laws to international laws, the abolition of judicial immunity, international criminal responsibility, and the formation of human rights regimes have reduced the scope of legal and political authority of states in Third, in the post-Westphalian period, the era of independent states with independent sovereignty by themselves is coming to an end.https://www.pfbaj.ir/article_243501_7c3b59aaad467cf6ca58d0a98faee8f5.pdfJornal of Eslamic Human Rights2322-563714420260320State Responsibility for Violations of Humanitarian Rights by Autonomous Artificial Intelligence SystemsState Responsibility for Violations of Humanitarian Rights by Autonomous Artificial Intelligence Systems116243502FAMehrnooshMirzaamrajiPhD in Public International Law, Lecturer at Justice University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20251206The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology and the increasing use of autonomous weapon systems in contemporary armed conflicts have raised fundamental questions about the international responsibility of states for possible violations of humanitarian rights by these systems. The aim of this research is to explore the foundations, scope, and challenges facing the realization of such responsibility. The present article, using a descriptive-analytical method and using reliable library resources, examines the responsibility of states in the stages of development, deployment, and use of these systems. The research findings show that the existing legal framework, especially the treaty and customary rules contained in the scheme of international responsibility of states and the fundamental principles of humanitarian law, has the necessary capacity to establish the responsibility of states. However, achieving this requires overcoming challenges such as the accountability gap, especially in the criminal dimension, the lack of algorithmic transparency (the black box issue), the ambiguity in attributing system behavior to the state, the divergence of standards for legal review of new weapons (Article 36 of Additional Protocol I), and the need to maintain meaningful human control. Therefore, developing an internationally binding treaty within the framework of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, strengthening state accountability mechanisms, amending the Statute of the International Criminal Court, and establishing institutional and technical guarantees for transparency and oversight are undeniable necessities.The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology and the increasing use of autonomous weapon systems in contemporary armed conflicts have raised fundamental questions about the international responsibility of states for possible violations of humanitarian rights by these systems. The aim of this research is to explore the foundations, scope, and challenges facing the realization of such responsibility. The present article, using a descriptive-analytical method and using reliable library resources, examines the responsibility of states in the stages of development, deployment, and use of these systems. The research findings show that the existing legal framework, especially the treaty and customary rules contained in the scheme of international responsibility of states and the fundamental principles of humanitarian law, has the necessary capacity to establish the responsibility of states. However, achieving this requires overcoming challenges such as the accountability gap, especially in the criminal dimension, the lack of algorithmic transparency (the black box issue), the ambiguity in attributing system behavior to the state, the divergence of standards for legal review of new weapons (Article 36 of Additional Protocol I), and the need to maintain meaningful human control. Therefore, developing an internationally binding treaty within the framework of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, strengthening state accountability mechanisms, amending the Statute of the International Criminal Court, and establishing institutional and technical guarantees for transparency and oversight are undeniable necessities.https://www.pfbaj.ir/article_243502_7581c9c99bcd71fbc896c8a1bc34107d.pdfJornal of Eslamic Human Rights2322-563714420260320An analysis of Principle14 of the Constitution and Guarantee of the Human Rights of Non-Muslims based on Imam Khomeini's Fatwa (Religious Statements)An analysis of Principle14 of the Constitution and Guarantee of the Human Rights of Non-Muslims based on Imam Khomeini's Fatwa (Religious Statements)89107244011FAMohammadMazhariAssociate Professor, Department of Law, University of Tabriz0000-0002-2343-6400AlirezaNaseriDoctoral student, Faculty of Law, Tabriz University0009-0009-8968-5897RezaTorfi MohsinpourMaster of Public Law at Arak Azad UniversityJournal Article20241205حقوق اقلیتها یکی از موضوعات مهم حقوق بشری است که کشورهای مختلف ملزم به رعایت آن در مورد اقلیتهای مختلف نژادی، زبانی، فرهنگی، دینی و غیره میباشند. ازآنجاکه جمهوری اسلامی یک نظام برخاسته از دین اسلام میباشد و مبانی و اصول و پایههای آن بر اساس تعالیم اسلام پیریزی شده است و نهادهای قدرتمند و مهمی در کشور مسئولیت حراست از اسلام را بر عهده دارند، به طور طبیعی بیم آن وجود داشته که حقوق غیرمسلمانان بهعنوان یک اقلیت دینی مورد غفلت واقع شود. از همین رو می توان اذعان داشت که اصل چهارده در قانون اساسی به همین منظور تصویب شده است. با توجه به اینکه هر نظام سیاسی با قدرت از موجودیت خود دفاع میکند نظام جمهوری اسلامی ایران نیز حمایت از حقوق غیرمسلمانان را مشروط به عدم تعرض به حاکمیت جمهوری اسلامی کرده و علاوه بر آن معاییری چون عدل اخلاق حسنه جهت برخورداری غیرمسلمانان از حمایتهای مذکور بیان کرده است. با این حال اصل مورد بحث این قابلیت تفسیری را داشت که مبنای قانونی جهت تضییع حقوق غیر مسلمانان قرار گیرد. لذا امام خمینی(ره) با ارایه یک نظر بی سابقه فقهی راه را بر هرگونه سوء برداشت از این اصل بست. مقاله حاضر که با روش تحلیلی - توصیفی انجام شده است، تلاش دارد ضمن بررسی دقیق حقوق مصرح در اصل چهاردهم قانون اساسی برای غیر مسلمانان، مبنا و چگونگی تضمین این حقوق در قوانین عادی را با توجه به فتوای امام خمینی(ره) و در نتیجه همگرایی بیشتر حقوق موضوعه با حقوق بشر را شرح دهد.حقوق اقلیتها یکی از موضوعات مهم حقوق بشری است که کشورهای مختلف ملزم به رعایت آن در مورد اقلیتهای مختلف نژادی، زبانی، فرهنگی، دینی و غیره میباشند. ازآنجاکه جمهوری اسلامی یک نظام برخاسته از دین اسلام میباشد و مبانی و اصول و پایههای آن بر اساس تعالیم اسلام پیریزی شده است و نهادهای قدرتمند و مهمی در کشور مسئولیت حراست از اسلام را بر عهده دارند، به طور طبیعی بیم آن وجود داشته که حقوق غیرمسلمانان بهعنوان یک اقلیت دینی مورد غفلت واقع شود. از همین رو می توان اذعان داشت که اصل چهارده در قانون اساسی به همین منظور تصویب شده است. با توجه به اینکه هر نظام سیاسی با قدرت از موجودیت خود دفاع میکند نظام جمهوری اسلامی ایران نیز حمایت از حقوق غیرمسلمانان را مشروط به عدم تعرض به حاکمیت جمهوری اسلامی کرده و علاوه بر آن معاییری چون عدل اخلاق حسنه جهت برخورداری غیرمسلمانان از حمایتهای مذکور بیان کرده است. با این حال اصل مورد بحث این قابلیت تفسیری را داشت که مبنای قانونی جهت تضییع حقوق غیر مسلمانان قرار گیرد. لذا امام خمینی(ره) با ارایه یک نظر بی سابقه فقهی راه را بر هرگونه سوء برداشت از این اصل بست. مقاله حاضر که با روش تحلیلی - توصیفی انجام شده است، تلاش دارد ضمن بررسی دقیق حقوق مصرح در اصل چهاردهم قانون اساسی برای غیر مسلمانان، مبنا و چگونگی تضمین این حقوق در قوانین عادی را با توجه به فتوای امام خمینی(ره) و در نتیجه همگرایی بیشتر حقوق موضوعه با حقوق بشر را شرح دهد.https://www.pfbaj.ir/article_244011_9119a486a126fde3f03c65eecdbf7bf7.pdf