Female Genital Mutilation in terms of International Human Rights

Zamani, Seyed Ghasem; Bazzar, Vahid

Female Genital Mutilation in terms of International Human Rights

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Seyed Ghasem Zamani ¹

Vahid Bazzar ²

¹ Professor of Allameh Tabataba'i University

² P.H.D. of International Law of Allameh Tabataba&#039;i University

Abstract

Female genital mutilation has faced a widespread global ban, especially from international entities of human rights. States must make due diligence to fight this phenomenon in their territory and take measures to reduce the injuries caused by its growing growth through actions such as criminalization, allocating the funds, and increasing awareness and education of individuals. The injuries by female genital mutilation are so severe that it has been considered torture or inhuman treatment, and the right to asylum has been accepted for victims. Although people's right to cultural beliefs has been recognized, female genital mutilation violates the many human rights of individuals, including the right to health, the right to freedom from discrimination based on sex, the right to reproduction and the right to freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment. female genital mutilation violates the many human rights of individuals, including the right to health, the right to freedom from discrimination based on sex, the right to reproduction and the right to freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.

Keywords

Female Genital Mutilation

international human rights

torture

discrimination

asylum

بسامی، مسعود؛ پاشایی، طاهره و همکاران (1390)، «ختنه زنان از دیدگاه فقه، حقوق و پزشکی»، فصلنامه فقه پزشکی، سال 2 و 3، شماره 5 و 6.

حاجی فقها، محبوبه و سیمبر، معصومه و همکاران (1395)، «ختنه دختران: الزام دینی یا اجبار فرهنگی؟»، مجله زنان، مامایی و نازایی ایران، دوره 19، شماره 25.

ذوالفقارطلب، مصطفی؛ جمالی، محمد (1393)، «ختنه زنان از دیدگاه مذاهب فقهی»، فصلنامه فقه پزشکی، سال 6، شماره 18 و 19.

سیمبر، معصومه؛ عبدی، فاطمه و دیگران (1393)، «پیامدهای ختنه در زنان: مروری بر مطالعات موجود»، مجله حکیم سید اسماعیل جرجانی، سال 2، شماره 1.

غلامی، علی؛ مقدمی، ندا (1397)، «جرایم محتمل در ختنه دختران و ضرورت جرم‌انگاری آن»، فصلنامه حقوق پزشکی، سال 12، شماره 45.

مافی، همایون؛ بذّار، وحید (1395)، «نظریه سلسله‌مراتب هنجاری در پرتو قواعد حقوق بشری با تأکید بر رویه قضایی بین‌المللی»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی، دوره 46، شماره 4.

Avalos, L. R. (2015) “Female Genital Mutilation and Designer Vaginas in Britain: Crafting an Effective Legal and Policy Framework, ” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 48.

Browning, A. and Allsworth, J. E. and others (2010), “The Relationship Between Female Genital Cutting and Obstetric Fistulae, ” Obstet Gynecol, Vol. 115, No. 3.

Essen, Birgitta and Bodker, Birgit and others (2002), “Is There an Association Between Female Circumcision and Perinatal Death?,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol. 80, No. 8.

Idowu, A. (2008), “Effects of Forced Genital Cutting on Human Rights of Women and Female Children: the Nigerian Situation, ” Law Democracy and Development, Vol. 12.

Kiouman, E. and Manongi, R. and others (2005), “Self-Reported and Observed Female Genital Cutting in Rural Tanzania: Associated Demographic Factors, HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections, ” Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol. 10, No. 1.

Kogi, T. (2001), “Emerging Hierarchy International Human Rights and Beyond: from the Perspective of Non-derogable Rights, ” European Journal of International Law, Vol. 12, No. 5.

Kool, R. and Wahedi, S. (2015), “The Application of the French, English and Dutch Notions of Citizenship on the Criminal Law Approach towards Female Genital Mutilation, ” in M. Martin and S. N. Romaniuk (Eds), Development and the Politics of Human Rights (1-40), CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group).

Lau, H. (2005), “Rethinking the Persistent Objector Doctrine in International Human Rights Law, ” The Chicago Journal of International Law, Vol. 6, No. 1.

Lewis, H. (2009), “Female Genital Mutilation and Female Genital Cutting, ” in David P. Forcythe (Eds), Encyclopedia of Human Rights: Democracy Promotion-John Humphrey (200-213), Oxford University Press.

Mafi, H. and Bazzar, V. (2017), “The Theory of Normative Hierarchy in the Light of Human Law Rules with Emphasis on International Case Law, ” Public Law Studies Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 4.

Nedzi, A. (2010), “Entrenched Customs Die Hard, Can Harmful Traditional Practices Be Justified by Cultural Relativism of Human Rights? Case Study of FGM, ” OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 2, No. 4.

Nnamuchi, O. (2014), “United Nation’s Resolution on Elimination of Female Genital Ritual: A Legitimate Response to a Human Rights Problem or What?, ” Medicine and Law, Vol. 33.

Quitter, B. (2014), “Culture or Condemnation? The Status of Female Genital Mutilation in International Law, ” SSRN Electronic Journal.

Rahman, A. and Toubia, N. (2000), Female Genital Mutilation: A Guide to Laws and Policies Worldwide, New York: Zed Publishers.

Sanz Mulas, N. (2015), “Strategies for the Fight against Female Genital Mutilation in Europe, ” US-China Law Review, Vol. 12.

Trueblood, L. A. (2000), “Female Genital Mutilation A Discussion of International Human Rights Instruments, Cultural Sovereignty and Dominance Theory, ” Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 28.

Van Den Brink, M. and Tigchelaar, J. (2012), “Shaping Genitals, Shaping Perceptions: A Frame Analysis of Male and Female Circumcision, ” Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 30, No. 4.

Woods, J. M. and Lewis, H. (2005), Human Rights and the Global Marketplace: Economic, Social and Cultural Dimensions, New York: Transnational Publishers.